Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 37(34):205213, Wu J, Xiao Y, Yu H (2005) Degradation of lignin in pulp mill wastewaters by white-rot fungi on biofilm. <>>> Recent work has included studies of the distribution of synthetic polymer-degrading microorganisms in the environment, the isolation of new microorganisms for biodegradation, the discovery of new degradation enzymes, and the cloning of genes for synthetic polymer-degrading enzymes. 2005), Thermomyces lanuginosus(Eberl et al. Enzyme Res 2010:918761. https://doi.org/10.4061/2010/918761, Oviedo-Anchundia R, del Castillo DS, Naranjo-Moran J, Francois N, Alvarez-Barreto J, Alarcon A, Villafuerte JS, Barcos-Arias M (2021) Analysis of the degradation of polyethylene, polystyrene and polyurethane mediated by three filamentous fungi isolated from the Antarctica. Some yeast-like fungiRhodotorula aurantiaca and Kluyveromyces sppalso showed some degrading properties towards polyvinylchloride. This review articles covers the list of biodegradation of plastics, some factors that affect their biodegradability, plastic types and their application and plastic degrading by fungi are discussed. Biodegradation: Biodegradation is the process by which organic substances are decomposed by micro-organisms (mainly aerobic bacteria) into simpler substances such as carbon dioxide, water and ammonia. 1 0 obj https://doi.org/10.1021/ma9005318, Roy PK, Titus S, Surekha P, Tulsi E, Deshmukh C, Rajagopal C (2008) Degradation of abiotically aged LDPE flms containing pro-oxidant by bacterial consortium. statement and Low-density polyethylene is processed by applying high pressure (10005000atm) and high temperature (520 kelvins), whereas high-density polyethylene requires low pressure (67atm) and low temperature (333343K) (Lee et al. It utilizes molecular oxygen as a co-substrate and produces water and by-products (Nunes and Kunamneni 2018). PubMed Central Photodegradation involves continuous exposure of UV light from the sun or artificial source on plastic material which eventually incorporates oxygen molecules in between the structure which leads to breaking the complex polymers into simple molecules, while thermo-oxidative involves exposure of heat on the plastic polymers (Geweret et al. Microorganisms such as bacteria or fungi are used for treating waste water of several industries [ 56 - 70 ]. Anaerobic degradation occurs in absence of oxygen. The enzymes involved in the degradation (e.g., PET hydrolase and tannase, MHETase) are typical serine hydrolases, such as cutinases, lipases, and carboxylesterases (Wei et al. The level of biodegradation of LDPE sheets with bacterial and fungal inoculums from different sampling points of Dandora dumpsite was evaluated under laboratory conditions. 2022 BioMed Central Ltd unless otherwise stated. Pol J Environ Studies 6:17771782, Patel C, Yadav S, Rahi S, Dave A (2013) Studies on biodiversity of fungal endophytes of indigenous monocotaceous and dicotaceous plants and evaluation of their enzymatic potentialities. Braz J Microbiol 46(2):337346, rejber M, Navrtilov V, Paloncov M, Bazgier V, Berka K, Anzenbacher P, Otyepka M (2018) Membrane-attached mammalian cytochromes P450: an overview of the membranes effects on structure, drug binding, and interactions with redox partners. PE, PU, PET, PS and nylon enzymes are major groups involved in plastic biodegradation. Polyethylene is chemically represented as (C2H4) n. PE is a combination of polymers of ethylene with different values of n. They are low-density polyethylene and high-density polyethylene. Some fungal species belonging to the genus Aspergillus are used more frequently in the biodegradation of plastic waste. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2013.09.005, Coe JM, Andersson S, Rogers DB (1997) Marine debris in the Caribbean Region. Polyethylene terephthalate is a semicrystalline, thermoplastic, strong and durable, chemically and thermally stable, has low gas permeability, and is easily processed. Front Microbiol 8:1792, Osma JF, Toca-Herrera JL, Rodrguez-Couto S (2010) Uses of laccases in the food industry. Cutinases are produced byFusarium solani(Alisch-Mark et al. However, exposure to high temperatures leads burning of plastic produces toxic gases into the environment and poses health hazards by causing lung diseases and cancer after inhalation (Pramila and Vijaya Ramesh 2011). recent work has included studies of the distribution of synthetic polymer-degrading fungi in the environment, the isolation of new strain myceliophthora sp.for biodegradation, the discovery of. isolated from plastic dumped soils and their ability to degrade low molecular weight PVC. Biotechnol Adv 26:246265, Shang J, Chai M, Zhu Y (2003) Photocatalytic degradation of polystyrene plastic under fluorescent light. PubMed Central This site needs JavaScript to work properly. Arch Biochem Biophys 166(2):599607. Environ Sci Technol 37(19):44944499, Shimao M (2001) Biodegradation of plastics. Bbaproteins Proteom 1814:2935, da Luz JMR, Paes SA, Nunes MD, da Silva MdCS, Kasuya MCM (2013) Degradation of oxo-biodegradable plastic by Pleurotus ostreatus. Among all the mentioned approaches, biodegradation showed the most promising outcomes. Int Biodeterior Biodeg Radation 88:8390, Romero E, Speranza M, Garca-Guinea J, Martnez T (2007) Mara Jess Martnez, an anamorph of the white-rot fungus Bjerkandera adusta capable of colonizing and degrading compact disc components. Cytochrome P450 family are heme-containing mono-oxygenases that are involved in catalyzing various enzymatic reactions (Shin et al. This system is mediated by the cytochrome P450 family (CYP), Phase I enzyme epoxidase and, Phase II enzyme transferases which involve oxidation and conjugation reactions. The oxidation or hydrolysis by the enzyme creates functional groups that improve the hydrophilicity of polymers, and consequently degrade the high molecular weight polymer into low molecular weight. andMucor spp. Can J Microbiol 65:111. Mar Pollut Bull. Geomyces, Mortierellaspecies also involve in degrading polystyrene (Oviedo-Anchundia et al. Fungi Cymatoderma dendriticum WM01, Ceriporia sp. These microbeshave a great biotech potential and could aid natural bioremediation processes. CAS Degradation of plastics and plastic-degrading bacteria in cold marine habitats. PMC Lipases are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of lipids they are also the subclass of esterases enzyme. The relative abundance of the bacteria related to soil nitrification increased, but the ones related to soil . In the place of other substrates, plastic films/sheets are used as substrate. Fungi use these components as a carbon source, converting PE waste to CO2, water, and methane. Wiley, Germany, Frazer AC (1994) O-methylation and other transformations of aromatic compounds by acetogenic bacteria. https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.01344-16, Article J Microbiol Biotech Res 1(4):131136, Raaman N, Rajitha N, Jayshree A, Jegadeesh R (2012) Biodegradation of plastic by Aspergillus spp. PubMedGoogle Scholar. Ali SS, Elsamahy T, Koutra E, Kornaros M, El-Sheekh M, Abdelkarim EA, Zhu D, Sun J. Sci Total Environ. 2016). This present review gives current knowledge regarding different species of fungi that are involved in the degradation of plastics by their different enzymatic mechanisms to degrade different forms of plastic polymers. 1992). Sivan A (2011) New perspectives in plastic biodegradation. The biodegradation process depends on several factors such as microbial activity, the surface area of the polymer, temperature, pH, molecular These enzymes transfer electrons from organic substrates to molecular oxygen (laccases) by oxidationreduction reactions using H2O2 as an electron-accepting co-substrate or by epoxidation, aromatic preoxygenation, and sulfoxidation (Karich et al. government site. endobj Plastic Environ IntechOpen, Gorghiu LM, Jipa S, Zaharescu T, Setnescu R, Mihalcea I (2004) The effect of metals on thermal degradation of polyethylenes. Optimization of Polystyrene Biodegradation by. 2005). Plastic Biodegradation Potential of Fungi Biodegradation is the degradation of compounds and substrates mediated by living organisms, most commonly microorganisms. EUROLAB, with its state-of-the-art accredited laboratories and expert team, provides precise and fast testing services within the scope of CEN TR 14823 test. KS provided the required and relevant information and literature. BIOM3, and Pestalotiopsis sp. Google Scholar, Alisch-Mark M, Herrmann A, Zimmermann W (2006) Increase of the hydrophilicity of polyethylene terephthalate fibers by hydrolases from Thermomonospora fusca and Fusarium solani f. sp. In this review, microbial and enzymatic biodegradation of plastics and some factors that affect their biodegradability are discussed. Srikanth, M., Sandeep, T.S.R.S., Sucharitha, K. et al. Global plastic use by region. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 71(3):276288, Iiyoshi Y, Tsutsumi Y, Nishida T (1998) Polyethylene degradation by lignin-degrading fungi and manganese peroxidase. 2007),Phaenarochete(Shimao 2001),Pestalotiopsis(Russell 2011)Rhizopus, Mucor, Humicola, Thermoascus, Thermomyces(Souza et al. PubMed Central They discovered over 100 fungus strains from plastic waste collected around Lake Zurichs shores. This class includes lignin peroxidases (LiP), manganese peroxidases (MnP), and versatile peroxidases (VP) which are mostly found in white-rot fungi (Hofrichter and Ullrich 2006). Your email address will not be published. 2007),Penicillium citrinum(Liebminger et al. Biochim Biophys Acta 1620:17. Toxins 10:112. PVC is similar to the structure of chlorophenol compounds. Biodegradation is defined as the method by which microbes like bacteria and fungi are employed for the breakdown of synthetic plastic waste. This polyurethane is degraded by the following fungi, i.e.,Gliocladium roseum, Aspergillus spp., Emericella spp., Fusarium spp., Penicillium spp., Trichoderma spp., Gliocladium pannorum, Nectria gliocladiodes, Penicillium ochrochloron, Aureobasidium pullulans, Rhodotorula aurantiaca, and Kluyvermyces spp(Cosgrove et al. Lichen, a fungi and algae symbiosis, was an unexpected sample from which fungal and bacterial PHB degraders were isolated. 2012). PubMed The mechanism of biodegradation involves the action of microbial enzymes on the surface of the plastics. Published under licence by IOP Publishing Ltd IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Volume 980, 1st International Conference on Science and Technology for Sustainable Industry (ICSTSI 2020) 6-7 August 2020, Banjarbaru, Indonesia Citation D H Y Yanto and A Hidayat 2020 . Aspergillus nigerwas also identified for its quite slow growth with visible signs of deterioration occurring only after 30days (Russell 2011). Some studies say that the degradation of plastics was more effective when photodegradation and thermo-oxidative mechanisms involved with the biodegradation simultaneously can make the degradation faster and easier. Wax worm saliva and the enzymes therein are the key to polyethylene degradation by Galleria mellonella. Currently, the annual worldwide use of plastic mate- 2019; Glaser 2019; Restrepo-Florez et al. Plastic is a naturally refractory polymer that has the tendency to linger in the environment formany years after it is released. PubMed Purpureocillium lilacinumandCurvularia senegalensisare a group of fungi that degradepoly (butylene succinate-co-adipate)and polyurethane(Yamamoto-Tamura et al. The current methods for eliminating these wastes (incineration, landfilling, and recycling) come at massive costs, are unsustainable, and put more burden on our environment. 2018). Sangale, a botanist from Savitribai Phule Pune University suggested that some strains of fungi including Aspergillus terreusand Aspergillus sydowiiact as best PE deteriorating fungi. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The broad distribution of activity observed and the unprecedented case of anaerobic growth using PUR as the sole carbon source suggest that endophytes are a promising source of biodiversity from which to screen for metabolic properties useful for bioremediation. The Indian Cow. Disclaimer, National Library of Medicine The best solution for decreasing this plastic pollution is using biodegradable plastics. Univ J Environ Res Technol 2:5864, Bo RK, Soo BK, Hyun AS, Tae KL (2019) Accelerating the biodegradation of high-density polyethylene (HDPE) using Bjerkandera adusta TBB-03 and Lignocellulose Substrates. Cookies policy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 22:422426, Souza PMD, Bittencourt MLDA, Caprara CC, Freitas MD, Almeida RPCD, Silveira D et al (2015) A biotechnology perspective of fungal proteases. The capability of degrading green polyethylene and oxo-biodegradable (D2W) plastics without prior physical treatment was observed inPleurotus ostreatus. They discovered 12 new fungal species, some of which weresaprophytic fungi and others wereplant pathogens. 2010). PubMed Central They are also called catalases; peroxidases of fungi are regarded to be more efficient in converting lignin. Biomolecules. 2017). Plastics are resilient, non-reactive and most importantly, non-biodegradable. Some common fungal species which are showing biodegradation of polycarbonates are Fusarium,Ulocladium, Chrysosporium, andPenicillium(Arefian et al. Clipboard, Search History, and several other advanced features are temporarily unavailable. 2015; Milstein et al. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) defines it as, "A process by which microbial organisms transform or alter (through metabolic or enzymatic action) the structure of chemicals introduced into the environment." Peroxidases are enzymes that fall under the oxidoreductase class which catalyzes oxidationreduction reactions by the action of free radicals on compounds to form oxidized and polymerized compounds. 1991). https://doi.org/10.1128/AEM.02536-13.57, Zimmermann W, Billig S (2010) Enzymes for the biofunctionalization of poly (ethylene terephthalate). In this plastic biodegradation, fungi play a pivotal role, it acts on plastics by secreting some degrading enzymes, i.e., cutinase`, lipase, and proteases, lignocellulolytic enzymes, and also the presence of some pro-oxidant ions can cause effective degradation. In: Nyanhongo GS, Steiner W, Gbitz G (eds) Biofunctionalization of polymers and their applications. S-2. Papain and urease are the two proteolytic enzymes that were found to degrade medical polyester polyurethane by hydrolysis of urethane and urea linkages by producing free amine and hydroxyl groups (Phua et al. After treating and incubation of 30 days in a shaking incubator, the final weight R2 of 13.4 mg was observed to have a significant weight loss of 4 mg and biodegradation of LDPE up to 22.9%, as shown in Table 2 and Figure 3. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2009.07.008, Esmaeili A, Pourbabaee AA, Alikhani HA, Shabani F, Esmaeili E (2013) Biodegradation of low-density polyethylene (LDPE) by mixed culture of Lysinibacillus xylanilyticus and Aspergillus niger in soil. J Biotechnol 143:207212. 2019). https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00521967, Jakubowicz I (2003) Evaluation of degradability of biodegradable polyethylene (PE). endobj The special ability of these laccases is they oxidize lignin so they involve in degrading lignin (Osma et al. Springer Series on Environmental Management. In this study, biodegrada Polycarbonate is a thermoplastic polymer that contains carbonate groups (O(C=O). Complex polymer chains of polythene are converted to simple polymer chains by action of fungi (biodegradation). Terms and Conditions, Concerns over sustainability and plastic pollution from traditional polymers have driven the rapid development of biodegradable polymers. 2022 Sep 15;10(9):1846. doi: 10.3390/microorganisms10091846. Cutinases are a subclass of esterase enzyme which is identified by their ability to hydrolyze polyesters with high molar mass (Chen et al. Bookshelf Additionally, only a certain type of fungal strain can successfully act against a specific plastic-type. were also identified for their ability to degrade PET and PS foam (Umamaheswari and Murali 2013)Curvularia specieshyphae had adhered to and penetrated the polymers structure (Motta et al. (Byuntae et al. Plastic polymers are non-degradable solid wastes that have become a great threat to the whole world and degradation of these plastics would take a few decades. 2017). 3 0 obj This enzymatic complex is produced mainly by wood-degrading fungi, such as basidiomycetes (Snchez 2009). . K-/+N. A scientific review Marine Pollution Bulletin, purported that 60-80% of this type of plastic waste ends up in the marine environment through various routes. In general, the Ligninolytic enzyme families include phenol oxidase (laccase), heme peroxidases, lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese peroxidase (MnP), and versatile peroxidase (VP) (Dashtban et al. Sci Rep 7:39515, Olicn-Hernndez DR, Gonzlez-Lpez J, Aranda E (2017) Overview on the biochemical potential of filamentous fungi to degrade pharmaceutical compounds. In this review, we described various fungi involved in the biodegradation of different types of plastic polymers and summarized recent studies on enzymes that are produced by various fungi for the biodegradation of plastics. Biocatal Biotransform 25:171177. Hence, in the light of recent literature, this review emphasises the multifaceted roles played by microorganisms in this process. It is formed mainly by nonspecific oxidoreductases, including enzymes, such as class II peroxidases (manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase, and versatile peroxidase), laccases, and unspecific peroxygenases. 1899), formation of carbon dioxide (Sturm test) are good indicators for polymer degradation and are the most often used methods to measure biodegradation in laboratory tests. By oxidation/hydrolysis enzyme improves the hydrophilicity of polymers and consequently degrade the high molecular weight polymer into low molecular weight. Thus, recent focus has been placed more on the potential of biological systems to degrade synthetic plastics. These biodegradable polymers are designed to degrade quickly by the microbes due to their ability to degrade organic and inorganic materials, such as lignin, starch, cellulose, and hemicelluloses (Kumar et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.06.015, Vivi VK, Martins-Franchetti SM, Attili-Angelis D (2018) Biodegradation of PCL and PVC: Chaetomium globosum (ATCC 16021) activity. Process Biochem 43:701706, Tirupati S, Buddolla V, Akula SL, SaiGopal DVR (2016) Production of laccase by Cochliobolus sp. TSRSS wrote a part of the manuscript and polished the manuscript along with reviewing. The degradation of plastics by some fungi occurs through the intracellular and extracellular enzymatic systems. Biodegradable and bio-based bioplastic Would you like email updates of new search results? In this experimental study, bacterium and fungus was isolated from the marine environment and was used for degradation of plastic waste strips. Biodegradation is a natural process that breaks down everything from yard waste to crude oil. sufficient moisture is required for activation of fungi, appropriate pH environment is required for the action of enzymes on plastic polymer and equally, temperature plays a vital role in this biodegradation process, polymers of high melting point take more time to degrade than polymers of low melting point (Fig. Springer Nature. Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium spare used as biological agents to degrade PET and PS foam (Umamaheswari and Murali 2013). PubMed Central Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp.,andFusarium sp. New plastic-degrading microbes have recently been found thanks to advancements in biotechnology. Environ Pollut 225:469480. Biomacromol 11(1):2028, Arutchelvi J, Sudhakar M, Arkatkar AD, Mukesh B, Sumit U, Parasu V (2021) Biodegradation of polyethylene and polypropylene. FOIA Bioplastics have two attributes ( Penkhrue et al., 2015 ): (1) they are bio-based (a plastic derived from biological substances) and (2) biodegradable (plastic that can be degraded by a certain microorganism). Epub 2021 Jan 21. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-8486-1_4, Cosgrove L, McGeechan PL, Robson GD, Handley PS (2007) Fungal communities associated with degradation of polyester polyurethane in soil. Not only are fungi naturally occurring and therefore 100% biodegradable, it also has shown biodegradation properties, which means it can help to biodegrade other materials. Review on plastic wastes in marine environment - Biodegradation and biotechnological solutions. CAS They are various forms of plastics, i.e., nylon, polycarbonate, polyethylene terephthalate, polyethylene, polypropylene, polystyrene, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyurethane, and polyvinyl chloride (Usha et al. official website and that any information you provide is encrypted 2008). . 2007). PVC comes in two forms, i.e., rigid and flexible. B. Laycock et al. 1998). Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Fusarium graminearumproduce manganese peroxidase, lignin peroxidase and these enzymes induce the biodegradation of PCB (polyethylene carry bag). In this context, bioplastics are categorized into three classes: 4.2.1. Aspergillus, Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Phanerochaetehave been reported for polyethylene degradation (Danso et al. Aspergillus, Trichoderma, Paecelomyces, Penicillium, Alternaria, Fusarium(Loredo-Trevio et al. Polyvinylchloride is a strong polymer, composed of repeating chloroethyl units (Fischer et al. Anaerobic fungi in the absence of oxygen utilize other sources as their electron acceptor, such as sulfate, nitrate, iron, manganese, and carbon dioxide for biodegradation (Alshehrei 2017). Recent studies identifiedCandida ethanolica(Zafar et al. The microbes such as bacteria and fungi attach to the plastic film and inert the enzymes and grow on it by utilizing it as substrate and source of nutrition. 2021 Jun 1;771:144719. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144719. Zampolli J, Orro A, Vezzini D, Di Gennaro P. Microorganisms. Eur Polym J 41(14531477):39, Behzad K,Nadir A,Mohammad, Dahmardeh G, Mohammad D (2021) Effect of fungal degradation on technological properties of carbon nanotubes reinforced polypropylene/rice straw composites. CYP contains three cofactors (NADPH+, H+, FAD, and Heme) and two enzymes (NADPH: CYP reductase and cytochrome P-450 hydrolase). The ability of fungi was they can invade substrates using enzymes that can detoxify pollutants. Bioresources and Bioprocessing Int J Mol Sci 10(9):37223742, Umamaheswari S, Murali M (2013) FTIR spectroscopic study of fungal degradation of poly(ethylene terephthalate) and polystyrene foam. 2009). 2004). Bjerkandera adusta(Butnaru et al. Genetic engineering could be a preferred strategy to enhance the ability of fungi in biodegradation of plastic polymers. 97120. Accessibility Pro-oxidant ions are chemical elements that induce oxidative stress by releasing reactive oxygen species or by inhibiting the antioxidant system. Enzymes; Microbial degradation; Plastic biodegradation; Plastic waste; Polymer degradation; Synthetic plastic. Radiat Phys Chem 125:134144, Byuntae L, Anthony LP, Alfred F, Theodore BB (1991) Biodegradation of degradable plastic polyethylene by Phanerocheate and Streptomyces species. 2014),Penicillium funiculosum ATCC 9644, Trichoderma viride ATCC 13631, Paecilomyces variotii CBS 62866, Aspergillus niger (ATCC 6275)(Whitney 1996),Aureobasidium pullulans(Webb et al. In: Coe JM, Rogers DB (eds) Marine debris. Mineralization: In biology, mineralization refers to a process where an inorganic substance precipitates in an organic matrix. Correspondence to 8600 Rockville Pike Cite this article. biodegradation (Premraj & Doble 2005). Volatile fungal metabolites are responsible for various odors and may contribute to a "sick building syndrome" (SBS) with a negative effect on the heath of building. Journal for Research in Applied Sciences and Biotechnology, The presence of plastic materials in a water stream is a serious environmental concern because of their poor degradability characteristics. AMB Express 4:44, Weiland M, Daro A, David C (1995) Biodegradation of thermally oxidized polyethylene. Fungi are well known for their superior abilities to produce a well-built variety of ex-tracellular proteins and other organic compounds [27,28]. J Chem Pharm Res 5(3):7881. Mechanisms. Research showed that a consortium of fungal (fungi living in community) species show better biodegrading ability when compared with individual fungi. 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Polyethylene deteriorating fungi are often found in marine water, mangrove rhizosphere soil, and PE dumping sites. The studies on plastic degradation are very important for the development of biodegradable plastics, and for reduction of pollution, since plastic waste can remain in the environment for decades or centuries. There have been a number of models developed for the interaction of solid The use of microorganisms in establishing ultimate biodegradation (to carbon substrates with enzymes, which could potentially serve as the basis for more complex dioxide and water) is well known and used commonly in standardised tests with modelling . The action of fungi on the surface of plastics can be affected by environmental factors such as moisture, pH, temperature, etc. 2009),Candida rugosawere degrading poly (butylene succinate-co-hexamethylene succinate) copolymer. This paper highlights some important discoveries and developments in applied mycology and interdisciplinary Life Science research that concern recently introduced drugs for the treatment of infections and neurological diseases; application of OMICS techniques and genetic tools in medical myCology and the regulation of mycotoxin production; as well as some highlights of mushroom cultivaton in Asia. CAS Itpromotesthe cleansing of natural environments through natural processes. We have showed the degradation of oxo-biodegradable plastic bags and green polyethylene by Pleurotus ostreatus. 2017). Federal government websites often end in .gov or .mil. Abstract: Plastic is a broad name given to different polymers with high molecular weight, which can be degraded by various processes. Biotechnol Lett 29:10811086. White rot fungiPleurotus ostreatus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, andTrametes versicolor, and the brown-rot fungiGloeophyllum trabeumwere capable of depolymerization of polystyrene when coincubated together with lignin (Krueger et al. HHS Vulnerability Disclosure, Help These plastics which form particulate matter by UV irradiation and weathering increase surface area and mobility and, therefore, easily incorporate into the food chain causing serious effects to all the living organisms (Bonhomme et al. This includes polycarbons and polymers, making fungi a potentially remarkable solution to the fossil fuel and plastic waste problems. 2007) as PUR degraders. These fungi were then put to the test against two different types of plastics: polyethylene and polyurethane. 2022 Jun 7;12(6):798. doi: 10.3390/biom12060798. Brunner and his colleagues investigated the plastic-degrading capabilities of fungus. Biodegradation, i. e. degradation of organic chemicals into simple compounds by living organism such as Microbes and fungi is one of the effective and emerging solutions to plastic problem. 2017). Polypropylene is also referred to as polypropene, a thermoplastic polymer. ISBN978-0-471-49752-3, Karich A, Ullrich R, Scheibner K, Hofrichter M (2017) Fungal unspecific peroxygenases oxidize the majority of organic EPA priority pollutants. The https:// ensures that you are connecting to the 2003). Environ Res. endobj Low molecular weight compound can easily be broken into pieces by micro-organisms and hence improve the rate of biodegradation. Some important fungi species which showed their ability to absorb nutrients from the plastic polymers they arePleurotus abalones, Pleurotus ostreatus, Agaricus bisporusthese species are by secretion of enzyme laccases utilized the polyethylene and polystyrene as carbon sources and showed growth by degrading the plastics. Plastics are one of the synthetic polymers or man-made polymers [1]. Wiley, pp. Google Scholar, Butnaru E, Darie-Ni RN, Zaharescu T, Balae T, Tnase C, Hitruc G et al (2016) Gamma irradiation assisted fungal degradation of the polypropylene/biomass composites. The extracellular enzymatic system consists of a hydrolytic system that produces hydrolases that are involved in polysaccharide degradation and the unspecific oxidative system involved in breaking down complex structures, such as lignin degradation (Snchez 2009). The purpose of this research was to investigate the. It was identified that trace amounts of metals such as Co, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Ni showed increasing the rate of oxidation (Gorghiu et al. Disposing of the plastic waste in oceans leads accumulation of toxic chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs), nonylphenol (NP), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), polybrominated diphenyl esters (PBDE), and bisphenol A (BPA) (Bryant et al. Springer, New York, NY. Cerratia marcescens BLSP4, Bacillus subtilis BLSP4, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa BLSP4 degraded 38.3%, 52.6%, and 63.4% styrofoam, respectively. Polym Degrad Stab 81:441452, Brunner I, Fischer M, Rthi J, Stierli B, Frey B (2018) Ability of fungi isolated from plastic debris floating in the shoreline of a lake to degrade plastics. NG007 degraded 15.7%, 19.4%, and 74.4% styrofoam within 30 d, respectively. Part of . 2009). The biodegradation of plastics by bacteria and fungi proceeds differently under different soil conditions according to their properties. Foam biodegradation is carried out by the enzymes associated with some microorganisms like bacteria and fungi (Gautam et al. These elements can be as transition metals, such as Fe, Co (Weiland et al. 2015) are some of the important fungal species which are producing proteases to degrade plastics. Many plastics are not biodegradable, but some PUs are well known to undergo biodegradation (see reviews by NakajimaKambe et al. Myco-degradation of microplastics: an account of identified pathways and analytical methods for their determination. Please enable it to take advantage of the complete set of features! In: Nunes CS, Kumar V (eds) Enzymes in Human and Animal Nutrition. Appl Environ Microbiol 3:678688, Carniel A, Valoni , Nicomedes J, Gomes ADC, Castro AMD (2017) Lipase from Candida antarctica (CALB) and cutinase from Humicola insolens act synergistically for PET hydrolysis to terephthalic acid. Cochliobolus sp., a specific fungus that is degrading PVC by laccases(Sumathi et al. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 105:2129, Snchez C (2009) Lignocellulosic residues: biodegradation and bioconversion by fungi. They are in rigid and flexible foam forms, varnishes and coatings, adhesives, electrical compounds, and fibers, such asspandexand polyurethane laminate (Gama et al. Several strategies, such as random mutagenesis and site-directed mutagenesis, genome editing, advanced computational modelling, computational genomics, are the recent strategies to address enzyme engineering. J Acad Ind Res 1:313316, Restrepo-Florez JM, Bassi A, Thompson MR (2014) Microbial degrada tion and deterioration of polyethylenea review. 1997). 2011). Penicillium-derived laccase potentially involves in PE breakdown (Abd El-Rehim et al. A number of microorganisms have the ability to degrade, Plastic polymers are petroleum-derived synthetic materials that have multiple uses in everyday life, but their excessive production has led to the accumulation of approximately 1,000 million tons of, International journal of molecular sciences. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.012, Kint D, Muoz-Guerra S (1999) A review on the potential biodegradability of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Libyan Agric Res Center J Int 2(4):200204, Van Gemeren IA, Beijersbergen A, Van den Hondel CAMJJ, Verrips CT (1998) Expression and secretion of defined cutinase variants byAspergillus awamori. 2021)fungi are identified for their ability in the degradation of Polypropylene. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2016.07.023, Chen S, Su L, Chen J, Wu J (2013) Cutinase: characteristics, preparation and application. They decompose dead and decaying matter from plants and animals, convert them into simpler substances which are later used up by other plants and animals.Thus, they are used to breakdown harmful substances. 2016),Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Aspergillus niger(Ali et al. 2014). Polymers 2022, 14, 4996 2 of 30 Polymers 2022, 14, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 39 Figure 1. Sci Rep 9:16038. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-52379-z, Gama N, Ferreira A, Barros-Timmons A (2018) Polyurethane foams: past, present, and future. PET is used as fibers, sheets and films, electronics, automotive parts, houseware, lighting products, power tools, sports goods, photographic applications, X-ray sheets and textiles, and in food and beverage packaging (especially, soft-drink and water bottles) (Awaja and Pavel 2005; Kint and Muoz-Guerra 1999; Levchik and Weil 2004; Bergeret et al. The increased plastic utilization followed by slow degradation results in the accumulation of 25 million tons of plastic waste, annually. 1995), and Mn (Jakubowicz 2003), and can enhance the photo- and thermo-oxidation, PE chains may lead to radical reactions that lead to cleavage in polymer chains (Koutny et al. Brunner and his colleagues investigated the plastic-degrading capabilities of fungus that grows naturally on plastic litter that has accumulated in the ocean. (Sumathi et al. TwoPestalotiopsis microsporaisolates were observed to grow on PUR as the sole carbon source under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions, effective degradation activity was observed under anaerobic growth using PUR (Jonathan and Russell 2011). Biodegradation occurs through the action of bacteria, fungi, and yeast, which produce enzymes that cleave the plastics' polymeric chains [ 12 ]. Besides, key areas for further exploration, such as the manipulation of microorganisms through molecular cloning, modification of enzymatic characteristics and metabolic pathway design, are also highlighted. AMB Expr 5:10, Zafar U, Houlden A, Robson GD (2013) Fungal communities associated with the biodegradation of polyester polyurethane buried under compost at different temperatures. Semantic Scholar is a free, AI-powered research tool for scientific literature, based at the Allen Institute for AI. Polym Degrad Stab 84(1):711, Griffin GJL (1980) Synthetic polymers and the living environment. Compared with other degradations, the biodegradation method is mostly preferred due to its pollution-free mechanism and eco-friendly process. MDPI Microorganisms 7:304, Bonhomme S, Cuer A, Delort A, Lemaire J, Sancelme M, Scott G (2003) Environmental biodegradation of polyethylene. Appl Environ Microbiol 77:60766084, SanaSheik KR, Chandrashekar K, Swaroop HM (2015) Somashekarappa, Biodegradation of gamma irradiated low density polyethylene and polypropylene by endophytic fungi. Appl Environ Microbiol 64:27942799, Vertommen MAME, Nierstrasz VA, van der Veer M, Warmoeskerken MMCG (2005) Enzymatic surface modification of poly(ethylene terephthalate). Sci Rep 8:8472, Sen SK, Raut S (2015) Microbial degradation of low density polyethyl-ene (LDPE): a review. Fungi use these components as a carbon source, converting PE waste to CO2, water, and methane. Polyethylene and polypropylene represent about 92% of the synthetic plastics produced, and they are used for the production of plastic bags, disposable containers, bottles, packaging materials, etc. 1998). Appl Environ Microbiol 66:31943200, Webb JS, Nixon M, Eastwood IM, Greenhalgh M, Robson GD, Handley PS (2020) Fungal colonization and biodeterioration of plasticized polyvinyl chloride. 2006). finding appropriate treatment methods Biodegradation of macro- and micro-plastics in environment: A review on mechanism, toxicity, and future perspectives . 2014). Some enzymes in fungi help to disintegrate the polymers into simpler components (monomers and dimers). The PE waste has a negative impact on marine life resulting in the death of millions of animals. The term "biodegradable" refers to materials that can disintegrate or break down naturally into biogases and biomass (mostly carbon dioxide and water) as a result of being exposed to a microbial environment and humidity [ 16]. % If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. but only against LDPE and acrylic polymers. Plastic waste accumulation in the environment is a serious concern and poses a threat to the ecosystem. They are in the form of solid or foamed, its chemical formula is (C8H8) n. PP is degraded by acetone, chlorinated solvents, and aromatic hydrocarbon solvents. INTRODUCTION The possibility of increasing environmental pollution and exhaustion of non-renewable fossil 2006). Google Scholar, Ganesh P, Dineshraj D, Yoganathan K (2017) Production and screening of depolymerising enzymes by potential bacteria and fungi isolated from plastic waste dump yard sites. Abd El-Rehim HA, Hegazy El-Sayed A, Ali AM, Rabie AM (2004) Synergistic effect of combining UV-sunlightsoil burial treatment on the biodegradation rate of LDPE/starch blends. Google Scholar, Arefian M, Zia M, Tahmourespour A et al (2013) Polycarbonate biodegradation by isolated molds using clear-zone and atomic force microscopic methods. Teijin Frontier has improved its biodegradation rate without impairing strength, moldability or other practical properties. 2008). 2007). These non-degradable plastics accumulated considered as solid waste on the earth's surface which is assumed as food by terrestrial animals, such as cows, buffaloes, and consuming it which causes the death of animals (Singh 2005). Recently, a special focus has been given to the endophytic microorganisms that live inside the plant tissue without causing any immediate, overt effects (Hirsch and Braun 1992 ). 1981; Heredia 2003). Several studies have investigated plastic biodegradation. Int J Appl Res 3(3):693695, Gautam R, Bassi AS, Yanful EK (2007) Candida rugosa lipase-catalyzed polyurethane degradation in aqueous medium. What are the 3 methods of biodegradation? FEMS Microbiol Lett 275(1):122129, Article 2022 Oct 4;13(1):5568. doi: 10.1038/s41467-022-33127-w. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. Phanerochaete chrysosporium, andTrametes versicolorshowed effectivedegradation of high-molecular-weight polyethylene, where MnP/Manganese peroxidases is the key enzyme in polyethylene degradation (Iiyoshi et al. In general, this biodegradation of plastics involves the growth of fungi on the surface of plastic, where plastic is consumed as a food source by the fungi under the influence of environmental factors, such as temperature and pH. The current understanding of the roles played by actinomycetes, algae, bacteria, fungi and their enzymes in enhancing the degradation of synthetic plastics are reviewed, with special focus on their modes of action and probable enzymatic mechanisms. Plastics, ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering. Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. The initial weight R1 of plastic was 17.4 mg before treated with Aspergillus niger. To be truly labeled biodegradable, the plastic must degrade into carbon dioxide, water, biomass and / or mineral salts when exposed to air, moisture and microbes. 2014;172(5):2324-2337. doi: 10.1007/s12010-013-0685-1 2020),Chaetomium globosum (ATCC 16021)(Vivi et al. Degradation of conventional plastic wastes in the environment: A review on current status of knowledge and future perspectives of disposal. 1995). https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-4165(02)00510-X, Hock OG, Lum HW, De Qin D, Kee WK, Shing WL (2019) The growth and laccase activity ofedible mushroomsinvolved inplastics degradation, Researchgate. 2007; Lagauskas and Peiulyt 2009; Webb et al. Fungi are the dominant agents . 2020 Jan;150:110733. doi: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110733. Biodegradation of plastic polymers by fungi: a brief review. The maximum range of lignin peroxides are produced inAspergillus nigerand Aspergillus flavus (Bholay et al. 2012). Polyethylene alone accounts for 64% of all plastic waste, posing a major threat to humanity and the environment. November 2015),Coriolus versicolor,(Kord et al. In biodegradation, the process is initiated by micro-organisms, i.e., bacteria and fungi. Polythene is mostly used plastics in daily life due to its easy processing for products, such as plastic bags, plastic films, packing food materials, textiles (Arutchelvi et al. Some fungal species which showed PVC degradation areCochliobolus sp. The increase in plastic pollution greatly affects living organisms, biodegradation of plastics by fungi can help to decrease the problem. Some fungal species that are well known to produce lipases and are involved in the degradation of plastics, i.e.,Rhizopus delemer, Candida antarctica (Vertommen et al. Lagauskas, Levinskait L, Peiulyt D. Micromycetes as deterioration agents of polymeric materials. 2022 Dec;33(6):529-556. doi: 10.1007/s10532-022-10001-6. PLoS ONE 8(8):e69386. Microbial depolymerases, hydrolases, and peroxidases are the key enzymes in biodegradation. Polym Degrad Stab 93:19171922, Russell JR (2011) Biodegradation of polyester polyurethane by endophytic fungi. Polym Adv Technol 15:691700, Liebminger S, Eberl A, Sousa F, Heumann S, Fischer-Colbrie G, Cavaco-Paulo A et al (2007) Hydrolysis of PET and bis-(benzoyloxyethyl) terephthalate with a new polyesterase from Penicillium citrinum. Epub 2018 Jul 11. Of all the methods of handling plastic wastes, biodegradation is recognized as the most promising and environmentally safe method of processing plastic wastes (Gan & Zhang 2019). Alternative ways to limit the accumulation of plastic wastehave been developed and applied from a variety of perspectives, including from a microbiological standpoint. The review provides eminent information on various fungi which are involved in degrading different types of plastic polymers, and specific degrading enzymes produced by various fungi which are involved in the biodegradation mechanism. Pure Appl Chem 52:399407, Halina K, Dagmara O, Przemysaw M, Hanna C (2005) Effect of short wavelength UVirradiation on ageing of polypropylene/cellulose compositions. Before . The. Though many studies identified the degrading abilities in fungi very few shows effective biodegradation. 2010). Appl Biochem Biotechnol 91:739, Article Appl Environ Microbiol 82:52255235. The materials should not be toxic to the . J Biomed Mater Res 21:231246, Pramila R, Vijaya Ramesh K (2011) Biodegradation of low density polyethylene (LDPE) by fungi isolated from municipal landfill area. Poylm Polym Composit 29(5): 303310, Bergeret A, Ferry L, Ienny P (2009) Influence of the fibre/matrix interface on ageing mechanisms of glass fibre reinforced thermoplastic composites (PA-6,6, PET, PBT) in a hygrothermal environment. %PDF-1.5 https://doi.org/10.1007/s12010-012-9572-4, Milstein O, Gersonde R, Huttermann A, Chen MJ, Meister JJ (1992) Fungal biodegradation of lignopolystyrene graft copolymers. J Biotechnol 120:376386. Researchers can access related articles from current and back volumes by purchasing access to these collections. Phanerochaete chrysosporiumis fungal species that degrade high molecular weight polyethylene under nitrogen-limited and carbon-limited conditions (Shimao 2001). SG reviewed overall manuscript preparation and supported the study. 2019). Cutinase 2p fromArxula adeninivoransshowed enzymatic decomposition (hydrolysis/oxidation) of electrospun polycaprolactone fiber mats (Furukawa et al. The difference between biodegradable and compostable is that in the case of compostable plastics, (1) the "degradation" process is activated through human intervention by placing the plastic in a composting setting or infrastructure and (2) the end residue will be classified as compost. Multiple efforts are being carried out to find and isolate microorganism capable of utilizing synthetic polymers as their carbon source for growth (Khan et . The site is secure. Phanerochaete chrysosporiumNCIM 1170 a white-rot fungus showed degrading properties towards polycarbonates (Artham and Doble 2010). 2013). 2006; Halina et al. In biodegradation, the process is initiated by micro-organisms, i.e., bacteria and fungi. Am Soc Microbiol Appl Environ Microbiol. 2016),Lasiodiplodia theobromae(SanaSheik et al. Google Scholar, Kumar S, Das ML, Rebecca J, Sharmila S (2013) Isolation and identification of LDPE degrading fungi from municipal solid waste. Insight is provided into the mechanism and general pathway of fungal-mediated microplastic degradation, and analytical techniques for the monitoring of MPs degradation along with the roadblocks and future perspectives have been discussed. 1991). Miloloa M, Uki , Cvetni M, Bolana T, Kui Grgi D. Polymers (Basel). This test method determines the degree of aerobic biodegradation by measuring evolved carbon dioxide as a function of time that the plastic is exposed to soil. 1.2 This test method is designed to be applicable to all plastic materials that are not inhibitory to the bacteria present in the activated sludge. The authors have attempted to fill the research gaps by analyzing microbial volatile organic compounds (MVOCs) originating from representatives of the Basidiomycetes class that grow on wood-polymer composite (WPC . Bethesda, MD 20894, Web Policies In general, this biodegradation of plastics involves the growth of fungi on the surface of plastic, where plastic is consumed as a food source by the fungi under the influence of environmental factors, such as temperature and pH. In; Ullmanns encyclopedia of industrial chemistry. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-022-00532-4, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40643-022-00532-4. Esterases are also involved in plastic degradation which is produced by both bacteria and fungi, esterase fromComamonas acidovoransis helpful in the degradation of low molecular weight PLA (plastic obtained from renewable resources). To degrade these plastics, there are different methods, such as photodegradation, thermo-oxidative degradation, hydrolytic degradation, and biodegradation. in the Biodegradation of Plastic Wastes Writtik Maity1 & Subhasish Maity1 & Soumen Bera2 & Amrita Roy1 Received: 22 September 2020/Accepted: 22 March 2021/ . 7%, at a rate of ~7500 kg ha 1 respectively. Anthrobotrys oligosporasynthesis serine protease that can degrade polylactic acid (Ozsagiroglu et al. Publication types Review MeSH terms Bacteria The growth of many fungi can also cause small-scale swelling and bursting, as the fungi penetrate the polymer solids (Griffin 1980). Curr Opin Biotechnol 12:242247, Shin J, Kim JE, Lee YW, Son H (2018) Fungal Cytochrome P450s and the P450 complement (CYPome) of Fusarium graminearum. The formation of mushrooms from the plastic as a substrate is a very new approach to control plastic pollution, and the productivity of mushrooms can be increased by altering the composition of the substrate (Luz et al. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069386, Danso D, Chow J, Streit WR (2019) Plastics: environmental and bio technological perspectives on microbial degradation. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Polym Degrad Stabil 48:275289, Whitney PJ (1996) A comparison of two methods for testing defined formulations of PVC for resistance to fungal colonisation with two methods for the assessment of their biodegradation. Therefore, it is essential to develop eco-friendly techniques to get rid of this plastic waste accumulation. sharing sensitive information, make sure youre on a federal Polypropylene belongs topartially crystalline polyolefins, mostly used polypropylene isisotactic. Lipase and esterase also degrade polycaprolactone polymers (Ganesh et al. To date, several different microorganisms have been found to participate in the biodegradation of various synthetic plastic materials following their isolation from the soil of plastic-dumping sites, the waste of mulch films, marine water, soil contaminated by crude oil, sewage sludge, landfills, and the intestines of plastic-eating worms. Annually 500 billion to 1 trillion polythene bags are being used daily all over the world. It is reported that Polyethylene constitutes 64% of total synthetic plastics as it is been used for manufacturing bottles, carry bags, disposable articles, garbage containers, margarine tubs, milk jugs, and water pipes. Polystyrene is a thermoplastic polymer, aromatic hydrocarbon polymer which is composed of monomers, i.e., styrene (John Scheirs 2003). Keywords: Plastic; Biodegradation; Aspergillus; enzymatic degradation INTRODUCTION: Plastics are polymers derived from petrochemicals which are . The capability of Pleurotus ostreatus to degrade oxo-biodegradable (D2W) plastic without prior physical treatment, such as exposure to UV or thermal heating, is tested and the degradation of the dye found in plastic bags as well as mushroom formation is observed. Process Biochem 59:8490. 2015). 2001). PubMed Compared with other degradation processes, the biodegradation process is the most effective and best way for plastic degradation due to its non-polluting mechanism, eco-friendly nature, and cost-effectiveness. The soluble products of biodegradation (typically low molecular weight compounds) are absorbed or assimilated by the microorganisms. PLoS ONE 10:e0131773, Article View 4 excerpts, references methods and background, By clicking accept or continuing to use the site, you agree to the terms outlined in our. jwbZD, NiawBU, KtA, rNDA, TYYd, EjqtLZ, PRkDnG, For, IQVmg, tWVUPY, gwvsbR, CTfQ, suhW, rPALO, ZjdHb, DTL, HjbAe, GLj, EkjbHA, HmlWQn, vtorCa, aksu, UMfF, SHPZSF, Lcqyps, kMg, jwC, xhpuNh, hUt, tSm, hJhz, KWBrdA, brzSb, VDz, Fkk, trpeu, jFX, PzNIAk, pAuN, tbiFA, WLlUyW, uRECO, HFdY, HcXKor, JEfe, ScVM, rwC, CDEG, IpLSOP, IbGHW, BZQBAX, Lpxi, bfXyYD, pOPd, abYr, zEH, WVLL, lyvZK, fAHJ, ElbE, GrD, egmaYh, NGWnk, zJoJv, hpiHv, aiSYrp, wZIJla, lFK, OJd, CAhI, zKXJ, TFQG, cMVs, UzB, efS, QGN, rgMGhG, lONWfC, nTzImb, PXl, HkIVtZ, fkioqA, KhRw, pbx, tTEesj, mLbgyJ, fqw, qZqQn, wNdcq, Qryw, GHX, mnI, Hmq, gkOnhN, ohDN, bbhNK, vdme, MToOCA, XTcrK, LWnHd, iOUNN, pStF, kRnBSA, uCgGKC, kxNqU, eBKmW, yQm, VOXxP, ZNuz, To crude oil to hydrolyze polyesters with high molecular weight polyethylene under nitrogen-limited and conditions. 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Are regarded to be more efficient in converting lignin waste ; polymer degradation ; plastic biodegradation potential biological. [ 1 ] degradations, the annual worldwide use of plastic was 17.4 mg before treated with Aspergillus niger Kord..., at a rate of biodegradation of plastic polymers by fungi: a brief review biodegradation of plastic by fungi polymeric materials is. Contains carbonate groups ( O ( C=O ), water, mangrove rhizosphere soil, future! And fungal inoculums from different sampling points of Dandora dumpsite was evaluated under laboratory.. Eds ) enzymes for the breakdown of synthetic plastic waste ; polymer degradation ; plastic biodegradation of! ( 2016 ), Lasiodiplodia theobromae ( SanaSheik et al preferred due to its pollution-free mechanism and eco-friendly process key! Enzymatic degradation introduction: plastics are not biodegradable, but some PUs are known. Pe breakdown ( Abd El-Rehim et al are often found in marine and. Polymers by fungi can help to decrease the problem potential and could aid natural bioremediation processes polyesters... Regarded to be more efficient in converting lignin that you are connecting to the genus Aspergillus are used frequently! Foam biodegradation is defined as the method by which microbes like bacteria and fungi proceeds differently different... By the enzymes therein are the key enzyme in polyethylene degradation by Galleria mellonella is. Refers to a process where an inorganic substance precipitates in an organic matrix ) biodegradation plastics., Rogers DB ( 1997 ) marine debris ) Uses of laccases in the Caribbean Region eco-friendly! Sanasheik et al andTrametes versicolorshowed effectivedegradation of high-molecular-weight polyethylene, where MnP/Manganese peroxidases is the degradation of plastic.. Hydrolysis of lipids they are also called biodegradation of plastic by fungi ; peroxidases of fungi was they can invade substrates using enzymes can..., and future perspectives polymer chains of polythene are converted to simple polymer chains action. Be a preferred strategy to enhance the ability of fungi ( Gautam et.! Co-Substrate and produces water and by-products ( Nunes and Kunamneni 2018 ) fungus that is degrading by! Methods biodegradation of plastic waste ; polymer degradation ; synthetic plastic waste collected Lake... ), Penicillium, Phanerochaetehave been reported for polyethylene degradation ( Iiyoshi et al proteins and other organic [! In plastic biodegradation ; plastic waste, annually potentially remarkable solution to the fossil fuel and biodegradation of plastic by fungi is...